BRAF mutation in the elderly submitted to thyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients over 65 years of age undergoing thyroidectomy, correlating its presence or absence with the different histologic lesions, their variants and with prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma. METHODS: We evaluated 85 patients over 65 years of age who underwent thyroidectomy, analyzing the BRAF V600E mutation by RT-PCR performed after DNA extraction from the paraffin blocks. RESULTS: The study detected the presence or absence of BRAF V600E mutation in 47 patients (55.3%). Among the 17 papillary carcinomas studied, seven had the mutation (41.2%). There was a statistical association between the presence of this mutation and the classic variant of papillary carcinoma, and a trend of association with thyroid extravasation. CONCLUSION: BRAF mutation in the elderly is also exclusive of papillary carcinoma and is often significant. Furthermore, it is related to the classic variant and possibly to thyroid extravasation.

Mutação BRAF em pacientes idosos submetidos à tireoidectomia / BRAF mutation in the elderly submitted to thyroidectomy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência da mutação V600E do gene BRAF em pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade submetidos à tireoidectomia, correlacionando sua presença ou ausência com as diferentes lesões histológicas, com as variantes e com fatores prognósticos do carcinoma papilífero. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 85 pacientes com mais de 65 anos de idade submetidos à tireoidectomia, analisando a mutação BRAF V600E através de reação de PCR-RT realizada após a extração do DNA dos blocos de parafina. RESULTADOS: Detectou-se ausência ou presença da mutação BRAF V600E em 47 pacientes (55,3%). Entre os 17 carcinomas papilíferos estudados, sete apresentavam a mutação (41,2%). Demonstrou-se associação estatística entre a presença desta mutação e a variante clássica do carcinoma papilífero, além de tendência de associação com o extravasamento tireoideano. CONCLUSÃO: A mutação BRAF nos pacientes idosos também é exclusiva do carcinoma papilífero e tem frequência expressiva. Além disso, está relacionada à variante clássica e, possivelmente, ao extravasamento tireoideano.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of the BRAF V600E mutation in patients over 65 years of age undergoing thyroidectomy, correlating its presence or absence with the different histologic lesions, their variants and with prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma. METHODS: We evaluated 85 patients over 65 years of age who underwent thyroidectomy, analyzing the BRAF V600E mutation by RT-PCR performed after DNA extraction from the paraffin blocks. RESULTS: The study detected the presence or absence of BRAF V600E mutation in 47 patients (55.3%). Among the 17 papillary carcinomas studied, seven had the mutation (41.2%). There was a statistical association between the presence of this mutation and the classic variant of papillary carcinoma, and a trend of association with thyroid extravasation. CONCLUSION: BRAF mutation in the elderly is also exclusive of papillary carcinoma and is often significant. Furthermore, it is related to the classic variant and possibly to thyroid extravasation.

[Thyroid gland primary leiomyosarcoma]. / Leiomiossarcoma primário da glândula tireoide.

Despite the fact that 15% to 20% of sarcomas occur in the head and neck and 80% in adults, only 0.014% are primary thyroid leiomyosarcomas. To the best of our knowledge, only 16 cases have been reported around the world, none in South America. Cytologic diagnosis is challenging and these tumors may be mistaken by more common ones such as anaplastic or medullary carcinomas. The treatment of choice for thyroid leiomyosarcomas is not well established yet because of its poor prognosis. Radical surgery associated with chemoradiotherapy has not been effective and did not improve survival rates. The authors report a case of primary thyroid leiomyosarcoma in a young male, who has been submitted to total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection. Extensive literature review was performed by the authors. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy, presenting good postoperative course. After four years evolution, there was no local recurrence or distant metastasis.

Leiomiossarcoma primário da glândula tireoide / Thyroid gland primary leiomyosarcoma

Aproximadamente 15 por cento a 20 por cento dos sarcomas ocorrem na região da cabeça e pescoço, 80 por cento em adultos, sendo apenas 0,014 por cento leiomiossarcomas primários de tireoide. Existem apenas 16 casos relatados no mundo, dos quais não há nenhum em nosso meio. São tumores com diagnóstico citológico pré-operatório difícil e podem ser confundidos com outras lesões mais comuns da tireoide, como carcinomas anaplásicos e medulares. O tratamento ideal ainda não está bem definido, visto que o prognóstico é ruim e a cirurgia radical associada à quimioterapia e à radioterapia adjuvantes não demonstra melhora nas taxas de recorrência e sobrevida. Relatou-se um caso de leiomiossarcoma primário da glândula tireoide em um paciente jovem, submetido a tireoidectomia total e esvaziamento cervical, associado à radioterapia adjuvante e realizou-se uma extensa revisão da literatura existente sobre o tema. Houve boa evolução pós-operatória, sem sinais de recidiva após quatro anos de seguimento.

Despite the fact that 15 percent to 20 percent of sarcomas occur in the head and neck and 80 percent in adults, only 0.014 percent are primary thyroid leiomyosarcomas. To the best of our knowledge, only 16 cases have been reported around the world, none in South America. Cytologic diagnosis is challenging and these tumors may be mistaken by more common ones such as anaplastic or medullary carcinomas. The treatment of choice for thyroid leiomyosarcomas is not well established yet because of its poor prognosis. Radical surgery associated with chemoradiotherapy has not been effective and did not improve survival rates. The authors report a case of primary thyroid leiomyosarcoma in a young male, who has been submitted to total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection. Extensive literature review was performed by the authors. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy, presenting good postoperative course. After four years evolution, there was no local recurrence or distant metastasis.

Tireoidectomia no idoso: 15 anos de experiência / Thyroidectomy in the elderly: 15 years institutional experience

Introdução: As doenças mais prevalentes nos idosos têm-se tornado cada vez mais comum com o envelhecimento da população mundial. No paciente idoso, além do aumento da incidência de nódulos tireoidianos, há maior incidência de câncer, com comportamento mais agressivo. A idade elevada não contra-indica a cirurgia, porém, a conduta cirúrgica pode ser influenciada pelo número elevado de comorbidades. Objetivos: Estudar a freqüência da doença tireoidiana de indicação cirúrgica no idoso, caracterizando-a. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo com 69 pacientes entre 65 e 84 anos de idade (mediana, 71) submetidos a qualquer procedimento cirúrgico sobre a glândula tireóide em nosso serviço, entre 1991 e 2006. Avaliamos dados da identificação, história, comorbidades, dados pré-operatórios, exames complementares, dados cirúrgicos, anátomo-patológicos e da evolução, pormenorizando a ocorrência de complicações. Resultados: A queixa principal foi aumento do volume cervical, com duração média de 67 meses. O diagnóstico clínico mais freqüente foi de bócio multinodular atóxico. Em 62% foi realizada a tireoidectomia total, seguidas pela hemitireoidectomia e pela totalização. Comorbidades clínicas estavam presentes em 77% dos pacientes, prevalecendo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, seguida pelo diabetes mellitus e arritmia cardíaca. A análise histológica revelou malignidade em 21,7% dos casos, sendo o principal tumor o carcinoma papilífero, seguido pelo carcinoma folicular e carcinoma anaplásico. Complicações foram descritas em 29%, sendo mais freqüente o hipoparatireoidismo transitório. Conclusão: No paciente idoso, as doenças associadas e a maior freqüência de tumores malignos agressivos demandam cuidados peri-operatórios adequados, com maior preocupação com o rigor da conduta cirúrgica.

Introduction: The diseases prevalent in the elderly have been increasing with the aging of the world's population. In the elderly patient, besides the increasing incidence of thyroid nodules, there is a higher incidence of cancer, which behaves more aggressively. Old age does not rule out surgery. However, the surgical treatment can be influenced by a higher number of comorbidities. Objective: To study the frequency of the thyroid disease with surgical indication in the elderly, characterizing it. Methods: We did a retrospective study with 69 patients between 65 and 84 years of age (median, 71) who received any surgical proceeding at the thyroid gland in our hospital, between 1991 and 2006. Data collected were identification, history, comorbidities, preoperative data, complementary exams, surgery, pathological data and the patient's evolution, with attention to possible complications. Results: The most frequent chief complaint was an increase of cervical volume, with average duration of 67 months. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was of nontoxic multinodular goiter. In 62% total thyroidectomy was carried out, followed by hemithyroidectomy and completion of previous surgery. Clinical comorbidities were present in 77% of the patients, mainly hypertension, followed by diabetes and arrhythmia. Histopatological exams revealed malignity in 21.7% of cases, being papillary carcinoma the most frequent, followed by follicular carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Complications were described in 29% and transient hypoparathyrodism was most frequent. Conclusion: Due to increased comorbidities and more aggressive malignant tumors, the elderly demands close peri-operatory care and increased concern with the impact of the surgical treatment.